Higher-order binary optimization with Q-CTRL's Optimization Solver
Qiskit Functions es en experimentell Funkzjon, die nur för IBM Quantum® Premium Plan, Flex Plan un On-Prem (övver IBM Quantum Platform API) Plan Benötzer verfögbar es. Se sin em Preview-Status un künne sich ändere.
Verbruchsschätzung: 24 Minute op einem Heron r2 Prozessor. (OPJEPASS: Dat es bloß en Schätzung. Ding Laufzick kann angerscher sin.)
Hengerjrund
Dä Tutorial zeisch, wi mer e higher-order binary optimization (HOBO) Problem met dem Optimization Solver, ene Qiskit Function vun Q-CTRL Fire Opal löse kann. Dat Beispill us däm Tutorial es e Optimierungsproblem, dat doför jedaach es, de Jrundstandes-Energie vun nem 156-Qubit Ising-Modell met kubische Terme ze fingke. Dä Optimization Solver kann för allgemein Optimierungsprobleme jebruch wäde, die als Ziellfunkzjon definiert sin.
Dä Optimization Solver automatisiert komplett de hardware-bewusste Implementierungsschrete för Optimierungsprobleme op Quantenhardware, un durch et Usnuutze vun Performance Management för de Quantenausführung, erreich hä jenaue Lösunge op utility scale. För en detaillierte Zosammefassung vum Optimization Solver Workflow un Benchmarking-Erjebnisse, luurt ens op dat veröffentlichte Manuskript.
Dä Tutorial jeiht durch die Schrete:
- Dat Problem als Ziellfunkzjon definiere
- Dä Hybridalgorithmus met dem Fire Opal Optimization Solver loufe losse
- Erjebnisse evaluiere
Vorraussetzunge
Bevor de met däm Tutorial anfängks, stell sescher, dat de dat joar häs:
- Qiskit Functions (
pip install qiskit-ibm-catalog) - SymPy (
pip install sympy)
De bruchs och Zuejang zem Optimization Solver function. Föllt dat Formular us för Zuejang aanzefrore.
Opbau
Zeesch, importier de nötije Pakete un Werkzüch.
# Qiskit Functions Catalog
from qiskit_ibm_catalog import QiskitFunctionsCatalog
# SymPy tools for constructing objective function
from sympy import Poly
from sympy import symbols, srepr
# Tools for plotting and evaluating results
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sympy import lambdify
Definier ding IBM Quantum Platform Zojangsdaten, die för Authentifizierung bei Qiskit Runtime un Qiskit Functions während däm Tutorial jebruch wäde.
# Credentials
token = "<YOUR-API_KEY>" # Use the 44-characters API_KEY you have created and saved from the IBM Quantum Platform Home dashboard
instance = "<YOUR_CRN>"
Schrett 1: Dat Problem als Ziellfunkzjon definiere
Dä Optimization Solver akzepteert entweder en Ziellfunkzjon oder e Graph als Eingabe. En däm Tutorial es dat Ising spin glass Minimierungsproblem als Ziellfunkzjon definiert, un et es op de heavy-hex Topologie vun IBM® Geräte aanjepast.
Weil die Ziellfunkzjon kubische, quadratische un lineare Terme enthält, jehürt se zo de HOBO Klasse vun Probleme, die bekanntermaße bedütend komplizierter ze löse sin als konventionell quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) Probleme.
För en detaillierte Diskussion övver de Konstrukzjon vum Problemdefinizjon un fröhere Erjebnisse vum Optimization Solver luurt ens op dat technische Manuskript. Dat Problem wood ursprönglich definiert un evaluiert als Deil vun nem Paper vun Los Alamos National Laboratory, un et wood aanjepast för de voll Jerätebreite vun de 156-Qubit IBM Quantum Heron Prozessore ze nuutze.
qubit_count = 156
# Create symbolic variables to represent qubits
x = symbols([f"x[{i}]" for i in range(qubit_count)])
# # Define a polynomial representing a spin glass model
spin_glass_poly = Poly(
-4 * x[0] * x[1]
- 8 * x[1] * x[2] * x[3]
+ 8 * x[1] * x[2]
+ 4 * x[1] * x[3]
- 4 * x[2]
+ 8 * x[3] * x[4] * x[5]
- 4 * x[3] * x[5]
- 8 * x[3] * x[16] * x[23]
+ 4 * x[3] * x[23]
- 2 * x[3]
- 4 * x[4]
- 8 * x[5] * x[6] * x[7]
+ 8 * x[5] * x[6]
+ 4 * x[5] * x[7]
- 2 * x[5]
+ 8 * x[6] * x[7]
- 4 * x[6]
- 8 * x[7] * x[8] * x[9]
+ 4 * x[7] * x[9]
- 8 * x[7] * x[17] * x[27]
+ 4 * x[7] * x[27]
- 6 * x[7]
+ 8 * x[8] * x[9]
+ 8 * x[9] * x[10] * x[11]
- 4 * x[9] * x[11]
- 2 * x[9]
- 8 * x[10] * x[11]
+ 4 * x[10]
- 8 * x[11] * x[12] * x[13]
+ 4 * x[11] * x[13]
- 8 * x[11] * x[18] * x[31]
+ 8 * x[11] * x[18]
+ 4 * x[11] * x[31]
- 2 * x[11]
+ 8 * x[12] * x[13]
+ 8 * x[13] * x[14] * x[15]
- 4 * x[13] * x[15]
- 2 * x[13]
- 8 * x[14] * x[15]
+ 4 * x[14]
- 8 * x[15] * x[19] * x[35]
+ 8 * x[15] * x[19]
+ 4 * x[15] * x[35]
- 2 * x[15]
+ 8 * x[16] * x[23]
+ 8 * x[17] * x[27]
- 4 * x[17]
+ 8 * x[18] * x[31]
- 8 * x[18]
+ 8 * x[19] * x[35]
- 8 * x[19]
+ 4 * x[20] * x[21]
- 4 * x[20]
- 8 * x[21] * x[22] * x[23]
+ 8 * x[21] * x[22]
+ 4 * x[21] * x[23]
- 8 * x[21] * x[36] * x[41]
+ 4 * x[21] * x[41]
- 4 * x[21]
+ 8 * x[22] * x[23]
- 8 * x[22]
+ 8 * x[23] * x[24] * x[25]
- 4 * x[23] * x[25]
- 10 * x[23]
- 8 * x[24] * x[25]
+ 8 * x[25] * x[26] * x[27]
- 8 * x[25] * x[26]
- 4 * x[25] * x[27]
+ 8 * x[25] * x[37] * x[45]
- 8 * x[25] * x[37]
- 4 * x[25] * x[45]
+ 14 * x[25]
- 8 * x[26] * x[27]
+ 4 * x[26]
+ 8 * x[27] * x[28] * x[29]
- 4 * x[27] * x[29]
- 2 * x[27]
- 8 * x[28] * x[29]
- 8 * x[29] * x[30] * x[31]
+ 4 * x[29] * x[31]
+ 8 * x[29] * x[38] * x[49]
- 8 * x[29] * x[38]
- 4 * x[29] * x[49]
+ 6 * x[29]
+ 8 * x[30] * x[31]
- 4 * x[30]
- 8 * x[31] * x[32] * x[33]
+ 4 * x[31] * x[33]
- 6 * x[31]
+ 8 * x[33] * x[34] * x[35]
- 4 * x[33] * x[35]
- 8 * x[33] * x[39] * x[53]
+ 8 * x[33] * x[39]
+ 4 * x[33] * x[53]
- 6 * x[33]
- 8 * x[34] * x[35]
+ 2 * x[35]
+ 8 * x[36] * x[41]
- 8 * x[37] * x[45]
+ 4 * x[37]
- 8 * x[38] * x[49]
+ 4 * x[38]
+ 4 * x[40] * x[41]
- 8 * x[41] * x[42] * x[43]
+ 4 * x[41] * x[43]
- 8 * x[41]
+ 8 * x[42] * x[43]
- 4 * x[42]
- 8 * x[43] * x[44] * x[45]
+ 8 * x[43] * x[44]
+ 4 * x[43] * x[45]
- 8 * x[43] * x[56] * x[63]
+ 4 * x[43] * x[63]
- 6 * x[43]
- 4 * x[44]
- 8 * x[45] * x[46] * x[47]
+ 4 * x[45] * x[47]
+ 2 * x[45]
+ 4 * x[46]
- 8 * x[47] * x[48] * x[49]
+ 8 * x[47] * x[48]
+ 4 * x[47] * x[49]
- 8 * x[47] * x[57] * x[67]
+ 4 * x[47] * x[67]
- 2 * x[47]
- 4 * x[48]
- 8 * x[49] * x[50] * x[51]
+ 8 * x[49] * x[50]
+ 4 * x[49] * x[51]
- 2 * x[49]
+ 8 * x[50] * x[51]
- 8 * x[50]
- 8 * x[51] * x[52] * x[53]
+ 8 * x[51] * x[52]
+ 4 * x[51] * x[53]
- 8 * x[51] * x[58] * x[71]
+ 4 * x[51] * x[71]
- 6 * x[51]
+ 8 * x[52] * x[53]
- 8 * x[52]
+ 8 * x[53] * x[54] * x[55]
- 8 * x[53] * x[54]
- 4 * x[53] * x[55]
- 2 * x[53]
+ 4 * x[54]
- 8 * x[55] * x[59] * x[75]
+ 4 * x[55] * x[75]
- 2 * x[55]
+ 8 * x[56] * x[63]
+ 8 * x[57] * x[67]
- 4 * x[57]
+ 8 * x[58] * x[71]
+ 8 * x[59] * x[75]
- 4 * x[59]
+ 4 * x[60] * x[61]
+ 8 * x[61] * x[62] * x[63]
- 4 * x[61] * x[63]
+ 8 * x[61] * x[76] * x[81]
- 8 * x[61] * x[76]
- 4 * x[61] * x[81]
- 8 * x[63] * x[64] * x[65]
+ 8 * x[63] * x[64]
+ 4 * x[63] * x[65]
- 6 * x[63]
+ 8 * x[65] * x[66] * x[67]
- 8 * x[65] * x[66]
- 4 * x[65] * x[67]
- 8 * x[65] * x[77] * x[85]
+ 4 * x[65] * x[85]
+ 2 * x[65]
+ 4 * x[66]
- 8 * x[67] * x[68] * x[69]
+ 8 * x[67] * x[68]
+ 4 * x[67] * x[69]
- 10 * x[67]
+ 8 * x[68] * x[69]
- 4 * x[68]
+ 8 * x[69] * x[70] * x[71]
- 4 * x[69] * x[71]
- 8 * x[69] * x[78] * x[89]
+ 4 * x[69] * x[89]
- 6 * x[69]
+ 8 * x[71] * x[72] * x[73]
- 8 * x[71] * x[72]
- 4 * x[71] * x[73]
+ 2 * x[71]
- 8 * x[72] * x[73]
+ 8 * x[72]
- 8 * x[73] * x[74] * x[75]
+ 8 * x[73] * x[74]
+ 4 * x[73] * x[75]
- 8 * x[73] * x[79] * x[93]
+ 8 * x[73] * x[79]
+ 4 * x[73] * x[93]
- 6 * x[73]
+ 8 * x[74] * x[75]
- 4 * x[74]
- 10 * x[75]
+ 4 * x[76]
+ 8 * x[78] * x[89]
- 4 * x[78]
- 4 * x[79]
- 4 * x[80] * x[81]
+ 4 * x[80]
- 8 * x[81] * x[82] * x[83]
+ 8 * x[81] * x[82]
+ 4 * x[81] * x[83]
+ 8 * x[82] * x[83]
- 8 * x[82]
- 8 * x[83] * x[84] * x[85]
+ 4 * x[83] * x[85]
- 8 * x[83] * x[96] * x[103]
+ 4 * x[83] * x[103]
- 2 * x[83]
- 8 * x[85] * x[86] * x[87]
+ 8 * x[85] * x[86]
+ 4 * x[85] * x[87]
- 6 * x[85]
+ 8 * x[86] * x[87]
- 4 * x[86]
- 8 * x[87] * x[88] * x[89]
+ 4 * x[87] * x[89]
+ 8 * x[87] * x[97] * x[107]
- 8 * x[87] * x[97]
- 4 * x[87] * x[107]
+ 2 * x[87]
+ 4 * x[88]
- 8 * x[89] * x[90] * x[91]
+ 8 * x[89] * x[90]
+ 4 * x[89] * x[91]
- 10 * x[89]
+ 8 * x[90] * x[91]
- 8 * x[90]
- 8 * x[91] * x[92] * x[93]
+ 4 * x[91] * x[93]
- 8 * x[91] * x[98] * x[111]
+ 8 * x[91] * x[98]
+ 4 * x[91] * x[111]
- 10 * x[91]
+ 8 * x[92] * x[93]
- 4 * x[92]
- 8 * x[93] * x[94] * x[95]
+ 4 * x[93] * x[95]
- 6 * x[93]
+ 8 * x[95] * x[99] * x[115]
- 8 * x[95] * x[99]
- 4 * x[95] * x[115]
+ 2 * x[95]
+ 4 * x[96]
- 8 * x[97] * x[107]
+ 4 * x[97]
- 4 * x[98]
- 8 * x[99] * x[115]
+ 4 * x[99]
- 4 * x[100] * x[101]
+ 8 * x[101] * x[102] * x[103]
- 8 * x[101] * x[102]
- 4 * x[101] * x[103]
- 8 * x[101] * x[116] * x[121]
+ 8 * x[101] * x[116]
+ 4 * x[101] * x[121]
+ 4 * x[101]
- 8 * x[103] * x[104] * x[105]
+ 4 * x[103] * x[105]
+ 2 * x[103]
+ 8 * x[105] * x[106] * x[107]
- 4 * x[105] * x[107]
- 8 * x[105] * x[117] * x[125]
+ 4 * x[105] * x[125]
+ 2 * x[105]
- 8 * x[106] * x[107]
+ 4 * x[106]
+ 8 * x[107] * x[108] * x[109]
- 4 * x[107] * x[109]
+ 6 * x[107]
- 4 * x[108]
+ 8 * x[109] * x[110] * x[111]
- 4 * x[109] * x[111]
- 8 * x[109] * x[118] * x[129]
+ 4 * x[109] * x[129]
+ 2 * x[109]
- 8 * x[110] * x[111]
+ 4 * x[110]
- 8 * x[111] * x[112] * x[113]
+ 8 * x[111] * x[112]
+ 4 * x[111] * x[113]
+ 2 * x[111]
+ 8 * x[112] * x[113]
- 8 * x[112]
- 8 * x[113] * x[114] * x[115]
+ 4 * x[113] * x[115]
- 8 * x[113] * x[119] * x[133]
+ 4 * x[113] * x[133]
- 2 * x[113]
+ 6 * x[115]
- 4 * x[116]
+ 4 * x[118]
+ 4 * x[119]
+ 4 * x[120] * x[121]
- 8 * x[121] * x[122] * x[123]
+ 4 * x[121] * x[123]
- 4 * x[121]
+ 4 * x[122]
- 8 * x[123] * x[124] * x[125]
+ 4 * x[123] * x[125]
- 8 * x[123] * x[136] * x[143]
+ 4 * x[123] * x[143]
- 2 * x[123]
+ 8 * x[124] * x[125]
- 4 * x[124]
+ 8 * x[125] * x[126] * x[127]
- 8 * x[125] * x[126]
- 4 * x[125] * x[127]
+ 2 * x[125]
- 8 * x[127] * x[128] * x[129]
+ 8 * x[127] * x[128]
+ 4 * x[127] * x[129]
+ 8 * x[127] * x[137] * x[147]
- 8 * x[127] * x[137]
- 4 * x[127] * x[147]
- 2 * x[127]
+ 8 * x[129] * x[130] * x[131]
- 4 * x[129] * x[131]
+ 2 * x[129]
- 4 * x[130]
- 8 * x[131] * x[132] * x[133]
+ 4 * x[131] * x[133]
- 8 * x[131] * x[138] * x[151]
+ 4 * x[131] * x[151]
- 2 * x[131]
+ 8 * x[133] * x[134] * x[135]
- 4 * x[133] * x[135]
+ 2 * x[133]
- 8 * x[134] * x[135]
+ 4 * x[134]
- 8 * x[135] * x[139] * x[155]
+ 8 * x[135] * x[139]
+ 4 * x[135] * x[155]
+ 2 * x[135]
+ 8 * x[136] * x[143]
- 4 * x[136]
+ 4 * x[138]
+ 8 * x[139] * x[155]
- 4 * x[139]
- 4 * x[140] * x[141]
- 8 * x[141] * x[142] * x[143]
+ 8 * x[141] * x[142]
+ 4 * x[141] * x[143]
+ 8 * x[142] * x[143]
- 8 * x[142]
- 8 * x[143] * x[144] * x[145]
+ 8 * x[143] * x[144]
+ 4 * x[143] * x[145]
- 14 * x[143]
+ 8 * x[144] * x[145]
- 8 * x[144]
- 8 * x[145] * x[146] * x[147]
+ 8 * x[145] * x[146]
+ 4 * x[145] * x[147]
- 6 * x[145]
+ 8 * x[146] * x[147]
- 4 * x[146]
- 8 * x[147] * x[148] * x[149]
+ 8 * x[147] * x[148]
+ 4 * x[147] * x[149]
- 6 * x[147]
- 4 * x[148]
- 8 * x[149] * x[150] * x[151]
+ 8 * x[149] * x[150]
+ 4 * x[149] * x[151]
- 6 * x[149]
+ 8 * x[151] * x[152] * x[153]
- 4 * x[151] * x[153]
+ 2 * x[151]
+ 8 * x[153] * x[154] * x[155]
- 8 * x[153] * x[154]
- 4 * x[153] * x[155]
+ 2 * x[153]
- 8 * x[154] * x[155]
+ 4 * x[154]
- 2 * x[155]
+ 46,
x,
domain="ZZ",
)
Schrett 2: Dä Hybridalgorithmus met dem Fire Opal Optimization Solver loufe losse
Jetz bruuch mer de Optimization Solver Qiskit Function för dä Algorithmus loufe ze losse. Henger de Kulisse kümmert sich dä Optimization Solver öm et Mapping vum Problem op en hybrid Quantenalgorithmus, et loufe losse vun de Quantenschaltkreise met Fehlerunterdrückung, un et Durchföhre vun de klassische Optimierung.
# Authenticate to the Qiskit Functions Catalog
catalog = QiskitFunctionsCatalog(
token=token,
instance=instance,
)
# Load the function
solver = catalog.load("q-ctrl/optimization_solver")
Prööf, dat dat jowählte Jerät winnichstens 156 Qubits hätt.
# Specify the target backend name
backend_name = "<CHOOSE_A_BACKEND>"
Dä Solver akzepteert en String-Repräsentazjon vun de Ziellfunkzjon.
# Convert the objective function to string format
spin_glass_poly_as_str = srepr(spin_glass_poly)
# Run the problem
spin_glass_job = solver.run(
problem=spin_glass_poly_as_str,
run_options={"backend_name": backend_name},
)
De kanns de bekannte Qiskit Serverless APIs bruche för dinge Qiskit Function Workload Status ze prööfe:
# Get job status
spin_glass_job.status()
Dä Solver jitt e Dictionary met de Lösung un assoziierte Metadaten retuur, wi zum Beispill de Lösungs-Bitstring, de Zahl vun Iterazjone, un et Mapping vun Variable op Bitstring. För en komplette Definizjon vun däm Solver singe Eingabe un Ausgabe, luurt ens op de Dokumentazjon.
# Poll for results
result = spin_glass_job.result()
# Get the final bitstring distribution and set the number of shots
distribution = result["final_bitstring_distribution"]
Schrett 3: Erjebnisse evaluiere
# Get the solution ground state energy
print(f"Minimum ground state energy: {result["solution_bitstring_cost"]}")
Minimum ground state energy: -242.0
Dä Solver hätt de korrekte Lösung jefunge, wat met klassischer Optimierungssoftware validiert wood. De Komplexität vun däm utility-scale Problem bruch en fortjeschrittene Optimierungssoftware för klassisch jelöst ze wäde, wi zum Beispill IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio (CPLEX) oder Gurobi Optimization. Als visuelle Analyse vun de Qualität vun de Erjebnisse kanns de Erjebnisse plotte, indem de de Kostenweerte vun de Bitstrings un ehre Wahrscheinlichkeite berächnes. Zem Verglisch plott de Erjebnisse nebben en Verteilung vun zufällich jesamplete Bitstrings, wat glich ener "brute-force" klassische Lösung es. Wann dä Algorithmus konsequent niedrijere Koste fingk, düttet et drop hen, dat dä Quantenalgorithmus dat Optimierungsproblem effektiv löst.
def plot_cost_histogram(
costs, probabilities, distribution, qubit_count, bitstring_cost
):
"""Plots a histogram comparing the cost distributions of Q-CTRL Solver and random sampling."""
# Set figure DPI for higher resolution and font size for labels
plt.rcParams["figure.dpi"] = 300
plt.rcParams.update({"font.size": 6}) # Set default font size to 6
# Define labels and colors for the plot
labels = ["Q-CTRL Solver", "Random Sampling"]
colors = ["#680CE9", "#E04542"]
# Calculate total shots (total number of bitstrings in the distribution)
shots = sum(distribution.values())
# Generate random bitstrings for comparison (random sampling)
rng = np.random.default_rng(seed=0)
random_array = rng.integers(
0, 2, size=(shots, qubit_count)
) # Generate random bitstrings (0 or 1 for each qubit)
random_bitstrings = ["".join(row.astype(str)) for row in random_array]
# Compute the cost for each random bitstring
random_costs = [bitstring_cost(k) for k in random_bitstrings]
# Set uniform probabilities for the random sampling
random_probabilities = (
np.ones(shape=(shots,)) / shots
) # Equal probability for each random bitstring
# Find the minimum and maximum costs for binning the histogram
min_cost = np.min(costs)
max_cost = np.max(random_costs)
# Create a histogram plot with a smaller figure size (4x2 inches)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=1, figsize=(4, 2))
# Plot histograms for the Q-CTRL solver and random sampling costs
_, _, _ = ax.hist(
[costs, random_costs], # Data for the two histograms
np.arange(min_cost, max_cost, 2), # Bins for the histogram
weights=[
probabilities,
random_probabilities,
], # Probabilities for each data set
label=labels, # Labels for the legend
color=colors, # Colors for each histogram
histtype="stepfilled", # Filled step histogram
align="mid", # Align bars to the bin center
alpha=0.8, # Transparency
)
# Set the x and y labels for the plot
ax.set_xlabel("Cost")
ax.set_ylabel("Probability")
# Add the legend to the plot
ax.legend()
# Show the plot
plt.show()
# Convert spin_glass_poly into a NumPy-compatible function
poly_as_numpy_function = lambdify(x, spin_glass_poly.as_expr(), "numpy")
# Function to compute the cost of a given bitstring using spin_glass_poly
def bitstring_cost(bitstring: str) -> float:
# Convert bitstring to a reversed list of integers (0s and 1s)
return float(
poly_as_numpy_function(*[int(b) for b in str(bitstring[::-1])])
)
# Calculate the cost of each bitstring in the distribution
costs = [bitstring_cost(k) for k, _ in distribution.items()]
# Extract probabilities from the bitstring distribution
probabilities = np.array([v for _, v in distribution.items()])
probabilities = probabilities / sum(
probabilities
) # Normalize to get probabilities
plot_cost_histogram(
costs, probabilities, distribution, qubit_count, bitstring_cost
)
Weil et Ziel vun däm Optimierungsalgorithmus es, dä Minimum Jrundstand vum Ising-Modell ze fingke, düttet niedrijere Weerte op bessere Lösunge hen. Doröm es et visuell offensichtlich, dat de Lösunge vum Fire Opal Optimization Solver weit besser sin als zufälliche Uswahl.